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astronomical units:
distances in the solar system are often measured in astronomical units(abbreviated au). an astronomical unit is the average distance between the earth and the sun:
1 au = 1.496 × 108 km = 93 million miles
jupiter is about 5.2 au from the sun and pluto is about 39.5 au from the sun. the distance from the sun to the center of the milky way is approximately 1.7 × 109 au.
light-years:
to measure the distances between stars, astronomers often use light-years(abbreviated ly). a light-year is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year:
1 ly = 9.5 × 1012 km = 63,240 au
proxima centauri is the nearest star to earth (other than the sun) and is 4.2 light-years away. means light from proxima centauri takes 4.2 years to travel to earth.
parsecs:
many astronomers prefer to use parsecs (abbreviated pc) to measure distance to stars. is because its definition is closely related to a method of measuring the distances between stars. a parsec is the distance at 1 au subtends and angle of 1 arcsec.
1 pc = 3.09 × 1013 km = 3.26 ly
for even greater distances, astronomers use kiloparsecs and megaparsecs (abbreviated kpc and mpc).
1 kiloparsec = 1 kpc = 1000 pc = 103 pc
1 megaparsec = 1 mpc = 1,000,000 pc = 106 pc
powers of ten:
the distances and sizes of of the objects astronomers study vary from very small, including atoms and atomic nuclei, to very large including galaxies, clusters of galaxies and the size of the universe. to describe such a huge range, astronomers need a way to avoid confusing terms like "a billion trillion" and "a millionth". astronomers use a system called powers-of-ten notation, consolidates all of the zeros that you would normally find attached to very large or small numbers such as 1,000,000,000,000 or 0.1. all of the zeros are put in an exponent, is written as a superscript, and indicates how many zeros you would need to write out the long form of the number. so for example:
100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
104 = 10,000
and so on.
in powers-of-ten notation, numbers are written as a figure between one and ten multiplied by a power of ten. so for example, the distance to the moon of 384,000 km can be re-written as 3.84 × 105 km. notice that 3.84 is between one and ten. the same number could accurately be rewritten as 38.4 × 104 or 0.384 × 106, but the preferred form is to have the first number be between one and ten.
very small numbers can also be written using powers-of-ten notation. the exponent is negative for numbers less than one and indicates dividing by that number of tens. so for example:
100 = 1
10-1 = 1/10 = 0.1
10-2 = 1/10 × 1/10 = 0.01
10-3 = 1/10 × 1/10 × 1/10 = 0.001
10-4 = 1/10 × 1/10 × 1/10 × 1/10 = 0.0001
and so on.
once again, numbers are written as a figure between one and ten multiplied by a power of ten. so for example, a number like 0.375 would be expressed as 3.75 × 10-6.
some familiar numbers written as powers-of-ten: one hundred (100) 102 one thousand (1000) 103 one million (1,000,000) 106 one billion (1,000,000,000) 109 one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) 1012 one one-hundredth (0.01) 10-2 one one-thousandth (0.001) 10-3 one one-millionth (0.1) 10-6 one one-billionth (0.1)10-9 one one-trillionth (0.1) 10-12
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